While major players prioritized the creation of complex investment schemes that led to toxic assets, MFIs stayed focused on a more reliable asset class: their clients.
This week's G-20 summit is essentially an echo chamber for
the world's wealthy to talk macrofinance. The world economy might rebound more
quickly if they listen to what the poor have to say about microfinance.
Indeed, just as the global financial system is imploding,
the micro-financial sector is expanding. It is ironic that the poor - who have
been chronically ignored, or at least underserved - seem more adept at keeping
financial institutions healthy at a time when global giants are struggling to
hold their ground even with billions in bailouts. Maybe the behemoths in the
market (and those now wishing to save them) could learn a thing or two from the
"little people."
How is it possible that microfinance institutions (MFIs),
from famous operations, such as the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh,
to smaller ones in Nicaragua
and Nigeria
are actually faring well amid such strain? It is an issue of assets. While
major players prioritized the creation of complex investment schemes that led
to toxic assets, MFIs stayed focused on a more reliable asset class: their
clients.
Largely, MFIs depend on the health of the local economy and
thus the health of individual workers. These institutions aren't leveraging
complex derivative markets and hedge funds at 30 to 1 to keep their profits
rising. They depend on the ability of the poor to faithfully repay their loans
- and about 98 percent of them do.
MFIs most insulated from the crisis are those that depend on
their client's savings for their liquidity, instead of weakening capital
markets. These savings not only help the institutions hedge against liquidity
risks, but provide a safe, accessible place for the poor to build their own
safety nets. This is especially crucial at a time when bailouts are seemingly
doled out to everyone but the poor. In fact, numerous unregulated or
under-regulated MFIs are now scrambling to become deposit-taking institutions.
The trend to prioritize deposit mobilization might seem
counter-intuitive at a time of global economic recession. But now more than
ever, institutions cannot afford to ignore the vast demand for adequate savings
services among their clients, on the one hand, and the critical fiscal need to
build those resources internally, on the other.
But what lessons can G-20 leaders draw from the continued
resilience of the microfinance system?
First, get back to the basics. Support institutions that can
stand and grow on the health of its clients, not on the health of opaque and
necessarily volatile markets. Two of my colleagues at the New America Foundation, Ellen Seidman and Phillip
Longman, have made the bold case for Americans to return to small banks and
"relationship banking" from the "transactional banking"
that came to permeate modern financial life.
Just like the microfinance industry in developing countries,
small-scale financial institutions in the United States avoided getting their
hands dirty in the derivative market and subprime lending mess. These
institutions are in comparatively good shape today. It's not as lucrative a
proposition as bundling securities and selling them off into the financial
market without regard to the consequences, but such "relationship
banking" is what is keeping the majority of the microfinance sector on
track.
A healthy global financial system will depend on our global
leaders' ability to accept and indeed embrace this reality. The irony of course
is that Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner's plan, if successful, will
probably erode local and regional banks (whether in the US or the
developing world) because it disproportionately subsidizes the irresponsible
players. With the huge government subsidies they have, big Wall Street banks
are now able to offer higher deposit rates and lower interest rates than are
local banks. The great danger is that these banks will eventually eat up global
market share and threaten the growth of players who have kept their hands
clean.
A second lesson is to ensure repayment through
responsibility sharing that restores accountability. Microfinance lenders achieve
such extraordinary repayment rates in part through careful monitoring and
group-oriented incentives. Big global lenders, on the other hand, are
experiencing the hard way what happens when they promote excessive risk-taking
that undermines the overall system's health. Global leaders must work to create
and maintain oversight systems that allow and encourage regulators to prevent
future financial catastrophes that are the result of the selfish
irresponsibility of a powerful few.
A system of peer pressure, like the one commonly used in
microfinance, in which an individual's success depends on the responsible
behavior of the overall group could prove useful for the global financial
system. Had such interdependence existed earlier, the financial community might
have prevented a few bad actors from poisoning the well with exotic instruments
and ludicrous leverage.
Now the leaders of the industrialized world are convening
yet again to seek out solutions to the macroeconomic mess in which the world
uncomfortably finds itself. They would serve themselves well by taking some
cues from what is actually still working in financial markets.
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