California is not the first state to aim for universal health coverage. But the plan that Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger (R) announced last week stands out for its ambition. Of the earlier pioneers, Maine and Vermont are small, and Massachusetts started with relatively few uninsured people in the first place. But California is the nation's most populous state. Fully 19.4 percent of its residents lack insurance, a share that's higher than the national average. If the governor's plan makes it through the legislature, it will juice the health-reform movements that are gathering steam in state capitals across the country.

As in Massachusetts, the key to Mr. Schwarzenegger's proposal is a requirement that individuals buy insurance. The aim of this mandate is to break the spiral that plagues insurance markets: Nearly 3 million Californians whose jobs offer health coverage nonetheless turn it down because they think they won't need it; this leaves a less healthy group in the insurance pool, which forces insurers to raise premiums. Mr. Schwarzenegger's mandate would force healthy people back into the insurance pool and so bring premiums down. It would also give newly insured people access to preventive check-ups, reducing reliance on expensive emergency-room treatment.

You can't require people to buy insurance without subsidizing those who can't afford it. Massachusetts started off with an advantage: It already had a fund to compensate hospitals that gave free care to uninsured patients. This system made the cost of free care for the uninsured visible and provided a ready source of cash to help citizens below 300 percent of the poverty line buy insurance. In California, by contrast, there is no compensation fund for hospitals, which therefore recoup costs by charging insured patients extra; as a result, the cost of insurance for the average Californian family is inflated by more than $1,000 per year, according to Peter Harbage and Len M. Nichols of the New America Foundation. So California's free-rider costs are real -- but hidden...

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